The High Middle Ages

Overview of the Course

At the dawn of the last millennium in the year 1000, Europe was one of the world’s more stagnant regions—an economically undeveloped, intellectually derivative, and geopolitically passive backwater, with illiteracy, starvation, and disease the norm for almost everyone. Yet only three centuries later, all of this had changed. A newly invigorated cluster of European societies had revived city life, spawned new spiritual and intellectual movements and educational institutions, and had begun, for reasons both sacred and profane, to expand at the expense of neighbors who traditionally had expanded at Europe’s expense.

This series of 24 lectures, filled with memorable detail, examines how and why Europeans achieved this stunning turnaround. By its conclusion, you will be able to describe and analyze the social, intellectual, religious, and political transformations that set into motion this midsummer epoch of the medieval world—an epoch you will come to know very well through Professor Daileader’s vivid descriptions and examinations of its people, including:

• The warrior aristocracy of knights, castellans, counts, and dukes

• Free and unfree peasants, and townspeople, both artisans and merchants

• The vibrant stirrings of religion and intellect, including monastic life and charismatic figures like Francis of Assisi and Thomas Aquinas

• The lives of those outside the religious mainstream, especially heretics and Jews

• Major political developments and events, including the First Crusade, the Norman Conquest of England, and the granting of the Magna Carta

Course Lectures

01: Why the Middle Ages?

Europeans living between 1000 and 1300 would have been shocked to hear that they were living in the “Middle” Ages. So where does the term come from? What does it tell us about the topic of this course?

Duration: 33 min

02: Demography and the Commercial Revolution

One of history’s most potent forces is demography. In the Middle Ages, when the line between sufficiency and dearth was so thin, small innovations and events could and did have huge effects.

Duration: 31 min

03: Those Who Fought – The Nobles

Perched atop the society of high medieval Europe was a group of mounted, armored warriors who came to form a hereditary aristocracy with unique legal privileges.

Duration: 30 min

04: The Chivalric Code

When clerics sought to refine rough-hewn knights with literature, the result was the emergence of new genres such as the chivalric romance. How far did such books go to change actual behavior?

Duration: 31 min

05: Feudalism

Few words are so closely associated with the Middle Ages as “feudalism.” Yet historians have argued ceaselessly over its meaning. So what is “feudalism,” and how can we use the term to further our understanding?

Duration: 31 min

06: Those Who Worked – The Peasants

Although most medieval people were peasants, a lack of written records makes them hard to study. It seems clear that the rights of lords weighed upon peasants, though less so in 1300 than in 1000.

Duration: 30 min

07: Those Who Worked – The Townspeople

Revived urban life made townspeople a prominent part of medieval society. But was their outlook “bourgeois,” or still characteristically “feudal”?

Duration: 31 min

08: Women in Medieval Society

Long marginalized by political and military history, women’s history and gender history have become two of the fastest growing fields in medieval studies.

Duration: 31 min

09: Those Who Prayed – The Monks

Monks formed a spiritual elite, living lives of work, study, and prayer under the Rule of Saint Benedict. The High Middle Ages saw a number of monastic reform movements, including the Cluniac and the Cistercian.

Duration: 31 min

10: Francis of Assisi and the Franciscan Movement

How did this Italian merchant’s son create a new religious order that mixed monastic elements with his own ministry of itinerant preaching, evangelical poverty, and a mixed critique and affirmation of urban spirituality?

Duration: 31 min

11: Heretics and Heresy

During the High Middle Ages, heresy and heretical movements spread across much of Europe. Why did this happen? How did authorities respond?

Duration: 31 min

12: The Medieval Inquisitions

What were the various “Inquisitions” that existed in medieval and early modern Europe? What did they actually do? This lecture separates legend from documented historical fact.

Duration: 31 min

13: Jews and Christians

Jews were the largest religious minority in high medieval Europe. Curiously, despite the relative prosperity of the times, the treatment of Jews became noticeably harsher. Why?

Duration: 30 min

14: The Origins of Scholasticism

Explore the bold and innovative intellectual methods of the Scholastics, and meet a key early figure in this pioneering movement in European thought.

Duration: 31 min

15: Aquinas and the Problem of Aristotle

What was the project of Aquinas and his fellow Scholastics, and what made their work a focus of controversy amid their contemporaries?

Duration: 31 min

16: The First Universities

The High Middle Ages gave birth to a new educational institution: the university. Of all the institutions to which high medieval Europe gave rise, the university is the most vibrant today.

Duration: 31 min

17: The People’s Crusade

The First Crusade, which ended with the capture of Jerusalem in 1099, demonstrated the rising power of Europe. How did this combination of holy war and pilgrimage begin?

Duration: 31 min

18: The Conquest of Jerusalem

Despite internecine quarrels, crusading barons took Jerusalem in 1099 and carved out “crusader states” in Syria and Palestine that would last for nearly 200 years.

Duration: 31 min

19: The Norman Conquest

Broad, impersonal forces may shape history, but contingencies play a role as well. The conquest of Saxon England by Gallicized Norsemen in 1066 offers an excellent example.

Duration: 30 min

20: Philip II of France

The French monarchy is one of the era’s great comeback stories. The king most responsible for this turnaround was Philip II Augustus (1180-1223). A combat-averse hypochondriac, he outwitted rivals and laid the basis for French greatness.

Duration: 31 min

21: Magna Carta

Having early developed a powerful monarchy, the English also early developed instruments for restraining it. The Great Charter was such a tool, and its long-range consequences would be considerable indeed.

Duration: 31 min

22: Empire versus Papacy

The conflict between the Holy Roman Empire and the Church that is known as the Investiture Controversy would last two generations and leave imperial authority weakened for good.

Duration: 30 min

23: Emperor Frederick II

Nicknamed stupor mundi, or “the wonder of the world,” Frederick II Hohenstaufen (1211-50) was one of the most controversial figures of his age. Yet even he could not reverse the fragmentation of the Holy Roman Empire.

Duration: 31 min

24: Looking Back, Looking Forward

By 1300, Europe had assumed an economic and political importance that would have been unimaginable in 1000. Although much of the world was as yet untouched, the European hand had begun to stretch forth.

Duration: 32 min